NYSTCE 116 – English to Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) CST Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• Which stage is associated with formal operational thinking (logical/abstract reasoning) and the ability to debate theories?
• Knowledge that words are made of specific sounds describes which phase?
• Which area is NOT one of the five domains measured by the Access assessment?
• Which term is used to end questions?
• Which policy defines what constitutes a language program for LEP students?
• What term refers to the symbol used to represent phonemes in written language?
• Monochronic cultures value punctuality. Which statement is true?
• Which term denotes the natural, unconscious process by which language ability develops over time, without explicit instruction?
• Which stage of Piaget's theory is characterized by knowledge gained through physical actions and sensory experiences, not abstract thought?
• Which hypothesis emphasizes affective factors like motivation and self-esteem as barriers to language acquisition?
• CALP refers to which level of language?
• Which term refers to the process of changing the spelling of a verb and/or adding helping verbs?
• Which pairing correctly matches the linguistic concept with its definition?
• What term describes a clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence?
• Which term describes the activity of removing words from a text to create gaps for comprehension prompts?
• Which type of listening is used to analyze language details in shorter passages?
• Localized varieties of English, particularly those developed in territories under the influence of the UK or the US, are known as what?
• Which practice is described as a fair way to prepare ELLs for testing?
• In reading-related assessment terms, which item requires the reader to locate explicit information directly stated in the text?
• What is the term for the degree of formality in language?
• Which instructional approach teaches language through subject-matter content such as science or history?
• Which option correctly identifies a required element for ELL programs as per the 1981 case?
• Which teaching method emphasizes problem-solving and discovery, with teachers remaining as quiet as possible?
• What is the final state in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the individual has realized their potential and seeks fulfillment and growth?
• Which theory underscores the need to activate prior knowledge to facilitate comprehension?
• What term describes the target language development skills an English learner is expected to meet in instruction scaffolded for optimal learning?
• Which term correctly labels the smallest unit of meaning in a language?
• In the context of idiom learning, which practice is described as creating original idioms?
• A group of words and rules that make up an individual's working knowledge of language is called what?
• Which term describes individualized instruction in which a teacher focuses on a single student to master a concept?
• Which instrument is designed to measure all four language domains in K-12?
• A sentence that has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a
• Which statement best aligns with the Acquisition-Learning perspective regarding rules and authentic use?
• Which term describes a morpheme that marks grammatical information such as tense or number but does not change the base word's category?
• Which term refers to the knowledge that words are made of specific sounds?
• Which type of assessment is used informally throughout learning experiences to help teachers make instructional decisions and to provide feedback to students?
• What term describes a classroom environment with low anxiety that facilitates language learning?
• OELA stands for which government organization in charge of English Language Education?
• After No Child Left Behind, which organization was formed to develop English language proficiency standards and corresponding assessments?
• Which statement best describes ELL Proficiency Entering?
• Which stage is described as near-native ability with complex, multi-phrase and multi-clause sentences, essentially fluent aside from idiomatic expressions?
• Which term refers to language input that is just above a learner's current level and understandable with some effort?
• Which term describes a student whose native language is not English?
• According to the material, who administers placement tests?
• Which instructional approach emphasizes learners completing real tasks using their language knowledge and resources?
• What are two factors that can interfere with morpheme acquisition order?
• Which type of listening is most associated with understanding all facts and details to prepare a summary or lecture?
• Which assessment asks the teacher to judge overall communicative effectiveness of a student's written work, focusing on communicating ideas rather than grammar?
• Which expression describes an idiomatic phrase whose meaning is not predictable from its parts, such as 'kick the bucket'?
• Which language teaching method is based on repetition and developed by linguists and behavior psychologists?
• Which term refers to the study of sound systems and patterns in a language?
• Which process involves learners adopting the cultural practices and social norms of a new culture?
• During the two-word stage, vocabulary grows at a rate of roughly 1-3 new words per week, with combinations forming mini-sentences.
• The designer of social learning theory is which of the following individuals?
• Which is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb in the main clause?
• After the concrete operational period, which stage allows thinking about abstract ideas and hypothetical scenarios?
• Which term refers to the set of rules governing sentence structure?
• Which term describes when a pattern generalizes too far and leads to incorrect forms?
• Which researcher’s work helped establish operant conditioning and proposed the law of effect, the law of readiness, and the law of exercise?
• What form is sent home in enrollment packets to document the primary language spoken in a student’s home?
• Which term states that all human thought and action are determined by language?
• Which phrase is defined as a phrase that begins with a gerund and functions as a noun?
• Which field studies how genetics, development, environment, motivation, and emotions influence knowledge acquisition?
• What term means integrating curricula across content areas under a general theme?
• The four stages of acculturation are honeymoon, hostility, humor, and home. Which option is NOT typically listed as a stage?
• Aspects of language governed by rules are called which?
• Which term refers to instruction delivered in both languages across all content areas?
• Which concept holds that learners benefit from language input that is at or just above their current level, supported by stages of language acquisition?
• Which hypothesis claims that language output can be monitored, but monitoring is most effective in some contexts and may impede authentic conversations?
• Some individuals never surpass which Piaget stage?
• Which term describes a verbal phrase that acts as an adjective?
• Which collaborative learning technique involves individuals reflecting on a question and then discussing with nearby peers?
• Sounds made without vibrating the vocal cords are:
• Which concept describes knowledge gained through formal learning that can monitor speech but is not useful in spontaneous speech?
• The additional support provided to regular education students to bridge gaps in learning is called
• Which processing approach relies on predicting what will come next based on prior knowledge?
• In the context of the one-word stage, underextension means the word is too narrow and overextension means it is too broad. Which choice best describes this concept?
• Language objectives describe how ELLs will demonstrate mastery of the language through reading, writing, listening, or speaking, formed using the tasks of the content-area lesson.
• Which term describes the knowledge of vocabulary and grammar that a person uses to understand and produce language?
• In Krashen's monitor model, which option best describes the ideal relationship between fluency and the monitor?
• Which term describes the set of rules for writing processes such as capitalization and punctuation?
• Which term describes the conjunctions that come in pairs such as either/or and not only/but also?
• Parroting is defined as which behavior?
• Which study focuses on how morphemes are combined to form words?
• Which concept is described as focusing on perception and analysis of language features, with comprehension not the primary goal?
• Which term describes a child's word meaning that is too narrowly defined?
• Which term refers to the ability to recognize and repair communication breakdowns?
• Which statement best characterizes ELL Proficiency Emerging?
• Which learning theory holds that learners construct knowledge through their own experiences?
• Which psychologist is associated with schema learning in cognitive development?
• Which notation is used to represent the phonemes of spoken language?
• Which approach is described as the primary strategy being LEA and develops all four language skills?
• Which hypothesis states that comprehensible input is necessary for learners who are acquiring additional language(s)?
• Which instructional method is part of the communicative approach and involves completing tasks to achieve real-world outcomes?
• Which description matches a person who begins to learn a second language after puberty?
• Which term means when a child's definition of a word is too broad?
• What term describes the practice of omitting words from the text as a reading comprehension activity?
• Which materials are designed for native language speakers rather than second-language learners?
• Which term refers to the place where speech sounds are formed by the tongue, lips, and other organs?
• Which area focuses on understanding the sounds within words?
• Later Multiword Stage is when children average four to six words per sentence and can add as many as twenty words per day in vocabulary; by age eight, about 28,300 words are known.
• Which literacy development progression describes competencies gained in early childhood and preschool, with listening as a key component?
• ELLs with inconsistent/interrupted formal education refer to students who experienced what prior to arrival in the U.S.?
• Which set of skills refers to everyday informal communication such as listening, speaking, and basic conversations?
• Which assessment measures oral-language proficiency in multiple languages by asking students to describe a set of images?
• Which stage of acculturation is described by learners being delighted at the novelty of the new culture?
• Which verb type requires a direct object?
• Which morpheme creates a word with a new meaning or part of speech?
• The type of organization used in a written piece (argumentative, cause and effect, problem and solution) is called...
• Which policy aimed to ensure equal educational opportunities and was changed by Obama to ESSA?
• What type of sentence has two independent clauses and no dependent clauses?
• Which factor is cited as having a significant influence on literacy development for ELL students?
• The existence of multiple English varieties shaped by regional and cultural influences around the world is referred to as what?
• Which term is given before a learning experience to measure the students' baseline knowledge?
• Which case addressed equal educational opportunities for language minority students?
• The study of word forms and their component parts is called?
• In second-language development, which stage describes learners with about 6,000-word vocabulary able to speak in more complex sentences and correct many errors?
• Which Piaget stage lasts from about 2 to 7 years, featuring symbolic thought and egocentrism?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of extensive listening?
• The smallest unit of sound in a word is called a ...
• Which term is used for the process of reducing a sound in casual speech?
• Which term consists of a noun and its modifiers?
• Which assessment is typically administered after instruction to determine what students have learned?
• Which approach asserts that language should be considered in its complete form before breaking into pieces?
• Which reading assessment allows the teacher to evaluate deviations from the actual text during oral reading to determine how a reader decodes and processes printed words?
• Which stage of literacy development encompasses competencies developed in early childhood and preschool?
• What does Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) vocabulary describe?
• Which psychologist developed a theory of psychosocial development focusing on reconciling individual needs with the needs of society through stages?
• The set of words 'a,' 'an,' and 'the' is an example of a
• What term refers to statements or questions that provide instructional focus when listening to a lecture or other form of auditory instruction?
• Which term describes how words are constructed into phrases and sentences (grammar)?
• In word formation, what is the base word to which other morphemes can be added?
• Which word expresses emotion such as Oh or Wow?
• Which term describes a classroom assessment that relies on students' performance of tasks and portfolios over time?
• Which sentence best describes context-reduced language in reading assessment?
• Which act builds on Castenada and requires states to develop standards and assessments for language instruction?
• A bound morpheme added to a root word to change its meaning or grammatical function is called an:
• Which is the third stage of Piaget's cognitive development, typically 7 to 11 years old, marked by logical thinking about concrete objects?
• Which standard guides educators in planning instruction to ensure English learners develop appropriate language skills across content areas?
• Which statement best captures the relationship between listening types and literacy development in a second language?
• What does BICS stand for?
• Which term describes using learners' prior knowledge and experiences to generate lessons tailored to individual students?
• Which category of strategies is used to lower affective filter and reduce anxiety during language learning?
• Which method suggests L2 should be learned like L1, with authentic opportunities but not required to speak, and criticized for lacking sufficient comprehensible input?
• If a test adequately samples the domain of knowledge it intends to assess, this is an example of which validity?
• One's personal drive to succeed or learn is referred to as which type of motivation?
• Which term describes an internal motivation to learn that comes from within the learner?
• The description 'characterized by the learner's use of multiple strategies to predict and understand words' corresponds to which concept?
• A noun that is formed by adding '-ing' to a verb is called what?
• The time at the beginning of second language acquisition when students are either unwilling or unable to communicate in their new language is known as what?
• Which term describes the social value of using a nonstandard dialect, sometimes called covert prestige?
• Which stage is the first language acquisition stage in which infants pay attention to speech before speaking, with distress vocalizations?
• Which term is associated with the idea that human thought is determined by language?
• Which SLA stage is characterized by listening with minimal speaking, possibly copying words, and responding to visual cues?
• Which term describes the learner’s current, evolving system of language that blends L1 and L2?
• What term refers to World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment, a consortium of states promoting standards and professional development for ELLs?
• Which phrase begins with a gerund and acts as a noun?
• The Newcomer ELL subpopulation is defined as students who have received ENL services for how many years?
• A variety of language used in a particular social setting is called what?
• What does the acronym IPT stand for?
• In SEP, when is academic English typically developed?
• What term refers to materials created for use by native language speakers rather than second-language learners?
• Which approach focuses on transferring literacy skills by targeting and practicing specific reading, writing, and speaking skills each day?
• Which type of writing is used to explain or inform?
• Joins a dependent clause to an independent clause:
• What term describes the process by which learners figure out the rules of the language as they acquire speaking and listening skills, learning through imitation and trial and error?
• Which stage of Piaget's theory involves the development of abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning?
• Interlanguage is best described as which concept?
• Which term describes a vowel sound formed by blending two adjacent vowels within one syllable?
• Stage of literacy development characterized by the ability to maintain meaning throughout longer and more complex texts is known as the?
• In testing, which term describes a systematic preference that can bias results toward a particular group?
• Diagnostic language tests are designed to:
• What does CALP stand for?
• Which term means rules of syntax in linguistics?
• Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP) describes which idea?
• What is the term for ESOL teachers traveling to content classrooms to provide support to language learners?
• What is the age range for the Preoperational Stage?
• What does BICS and CALP stand for?
• Which hypothesis distinguishes unconscious language acquisition from conscious language learning?
• Which term covers how genetics, development, environment, motivation, and emotions affect a student's ability to acquire and apply knowledge?
• Krashen's set of five hypotheses is commonly referred to as which model?
• Which description best defines a kinesthetic learner?
• Top-down processing of listening involves:
• Which organization is described as a consortium of states focused on ELP standards and corresponding assessments after NCLB?
• Which term describes the ability to produce comprehensible language in writing and speaking tasks?
• A grammatically simplified mode of communicating that uses elements of two or more languages is called
• Which law prohibits discrimination based on disabilities in schools, including off-campus activities such as athletics and extracurricular activities?
• Which concept refers to bias in testing that penalizes test takers due to socioeconomic status, gender, or ethnicity?
• The description 'a subconscious process in which language is internalized without deliberate intent' best matches which term?
• What term describes providing a student access to the same curriculum as peers, but information is presented in a different way?
• Which linguistic theory turned attention from meaning to the rules that govern sentence construction?
• Which term deals with the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences?
• Which theory explains how people attribute causes to behavior, including internal and external causes?
• Which type of motivation involves learning a second language to fulfill a wish to communicate within a different culture?
• Which approach improves listening skills by structuring how a person listens and responds to the person who is talking?
• Which abbreviation is used for students with interrupted formal education?
• What act replaced the No Child Left Behind Act and deemphasized standardized testing for English language learners?
• When generalizations results in error, then they become overgeneralizations.
• Which theorist views language as a social tool that first emerges through social interaction and gradually promotes both language and cognition?
• The approach to language learning that emphasizes learning through meaningful use of language and real communication is known as which method?
• In Krashen's theory, what is the name of the model that describes a conscious “monitor” used to edit output?
• Which term describes a plateau in development where progress becomes unlikely?
• What is the study of the production of sounds in speech called?
• Who developed the social learning theory in psychology?
• What tool helps school staff identify the primary languages spoken in a student’s home?
• In the Sheltered Approach to ELL Instruction (SEP), how is EL support typically delivered?
• Krashen's theory describes a mental device that edits output to improve accuracy. What is this device called?
• Which researcher is associated with the early development of operant conditioning and learning laws including the law of effect, law of readiness, and law of exercise?
• Which term describes introducing students to new vocabulary through different experiences?
• Which term refers to the method used to visually represent sounds in writing?
• Which term means favoring something over another, often unreasonably?
• The material assigns the description 'language learning should be problem solving and discovery learning; translation and memorization to be avoided' to which approach?
• What is the term for the ability to arrange smaller language units into cohesive texts such as letters and articles?
• Information that enters conscious memory but is not stored for later recall is best described as which?
• Which term uses a learner's prior knowledge to generate lessons tailored to individual students?
• Which literacy progression stage describes the ELL's ability to read longer texts, decode using multiple strategies, and understand different kinds of work and their purposes?
• Which stage of second language acquisition is characterized by a working vocabulary of about 3,000 words and the ability to respond to questions, with increased participation with native speakers?
• Which term describes language that is just slightly above the student's current grasp; new information introduced alongside what the student already knows?
• Which field studies meaning in language?
• Which description best matches an intermediate learner in second-language acquisition?
• A word's actual dictionary meaning is called...
• Which term captures the learner's desire and ability to participate in the dominant culture?
• What is a unit of study in which content from multiple subject areas is integrated?
• Which term describes the idea that learners use their knowledge of grammar to 'monitor' and edit their speech?
• Which statement describes ELL Proficiency Commanding?
• Which sentence type is defined as having two or more independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction?
• Which term best describes a reading phase where a learner uses multiple strategies to decode text at a steady pace?
• Stephen Krashen is associated with which theory, including Monitor Theory, and posits no fundamental difference in how languages are learned, with learning relying on external stimuli?
• Which stage of literacy development is characterized by a steady reading pace and the use of multiple decoding strategies?
• Which field studies how words are formed into phrases or sentences?
• Which assessment specifically measures oral proficiency in both English and/or Spanish by evaluating grammatical structures of the responses?
• Which term describes the idea that language influences thought but does not fully determine it?
• Which stage focuses on applying multiple strategies to read and understand words and supports comprehension through discussion?
• Which stage describes steady reading progress and the ability to summarize orally what has been read?
• The process of evaluating students based on progression through distinct stages of language development is associated with which concept?
• Morpheme Acquisition Order refers to which idea?
• Which listening approach is typically used to understand the overall content of longer texts such as films or plays?
• The Long-term ELL subpopulation is described as having assessment methods determined by?
• Which term refers to the literal dictionary meaning of a word?
• What is the term for the sound produced by the lips coming together?
• Formal schemata refers to:
• What term describes a learner’s evolving, rule-based system of language that blends features of L1 and L2?
• When a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in context of single conversation.
• Which of the following is NOT one of Willig & Lee's four developmental stages?
• Which court case determined that Hispanic students would have the same rights as African American students?
• What describes what the subject is doing or being; it contains the verb(s) and any modifiers or objects that accompany it/them?
• Which hypothesis states that learning rules alone will not allow learners to produce language; only authentic acquisition enables use?
• What is the term for the process of becoming accustomed to the customs, language practices, and environment of a new culture, influenced by the learner's desire and ability to join the dominant culture?
• What term describes the acquisition of new knowledge and the ability to apply it to new situations and draw conclusions?
• Which phrase type uses 'to' plus a verb and can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb?
• Which term is used to determine instructional needs of a student?
• Which term refers to a noun that can be put into plural form?
• In language development, what stage precedes formal reading and writing and focuses on early literacy skills?
• In sociolinguistics, what term describes language used in a specific social setting?
• The way the voice rises and falls in speech is called:
• Which concept can be disrupted by cognitive interference and first-language transfer, affecting normal order?
• Which hypothesis states that stressors like low self-esteem, poor motivation, and anxiety can inhibit language acquisition?
• Which term denotes degrees of formality and differences in setting and context in language use?
• Which stage of SLA is described as learners listening and potentially copying words and responding to visuals rather than speaking?
• Which term describes practicing a new concept with scaffolded support from the teacher?
• Which Piaget stage directly follows the preoperational stage?
• Which term describes the study of the rules that govern sentence construction, separate from meaning?
• What kind of test compares students with peers of the same age?
• Which type of motivation involves acquiring a second language to achieve a practical goal, such as getting a job?
• Which stage of second language acquisition is described as learners chunking simple words and phrases into sentences that may not be grammatically correct?
• Which term describes extending a pattern learned in one context to another?
• When learners use similarities between their native language and English to aid learning, this is known as
• Which term best describes the process of providing support and then gradually fading it as a learner becomes more capable?
• The Access assessment is provided by which organization?
• Which term is used for words that look similar but carry different meanings across languages?
• Which program is associated with Castenada and sets three standards for language instruction policy at the state level?
• Which term describes a unit of instruction that links multiple subjects around a common theme?
• Which term deals with knowledge of language such as syntax and semantics?
• The smallest unit of meaning in a language is:
• Which concept argues that the input children receive is insufficient to account for their phoneme knowledge?
• Which term is associated with the ability to repair communication breakdowns and is essential for effective language teaching strategies?
• The pattern in which morphemes are learned as people acquire language is
• Which stage is described as having about 500 words and relies on visuals to aid understanding?
• What is the linguistic term for the location where the tongue, lips, and other speech organs come together to form a sound?
• A phrase that begins with a preposition and ends with an object of the preposition is called what?
• The term used to describe sounds produced with no vocal fold vibration is:
• Which term best describes listening tasks that require mapping meaning to form during analysis?
• Content and formal schemata primarily support learners in which aspect?
• Which term refers to the emphasis placed on syllables or words?
• In bilingual education, students receive instruction in all content in both languages. This is called which model?
• Which term describes when a voiceless consonant changes to a voiced consonant because of nearby sounds?
• Which term describes the stage of language acquisition where children begin using elements of grammar and repeating longer sentences but cannot create their own?
• What is a phrase that starts with a word that would normally act as a verb but fills another role within the sentence?
• What term describes using knowledge from a learner’s first language to help them acquire another language?
• Which social element is identified by Schumann as affecting the acculturation process?
• Which strategy helps students determine what they believe to be true or false?
• What does the acronym BINL stand for?
• Which literacy progression stage describes the ELL's ability to maintain a steady reading pace and use multiple strategies to decode difficult texts?
• Stage of language acquisition characterized by a child’s use of a single word to convey a full meaning:
• What term describes inserting an additional sound in the middle of a word?
• Which term refers to a clause that cannot stand alone and modifies the main clause?
• Which term describes when a child's definition of a word is too narrow?
• Students with Interrupted Formal Education is abbreviated as:
• What term is the noun that a pronoun replaces?
• Which learning concept describes learning a response to stimuli or the environment?
• Early Multiword Stage / Telegraphic Stage is characterized by using elements of grammar and repeating longer sentences, but children cannot yet create their own sentences.
• Which cultural concept describes time as holistic and capable of many things happening at once?
• Which term refers to the ability to construct cohesive texts from phrases and sentences?
• Which stage involves about 3,000 words and the ability to chunk simple words and phrases into sentences, though grammar may be imperfect?
• Which approach designs instruction around the completion of real-world tasks using language?
• Which term refers to tasks where learners aim to understand language to obtain information and use it communicatively?
• Which stage follows the Early Production Stage in the described sequence of language development?
• Which term refers to the mental frameworks that help listeners anticipate and organize content for comprehension?
• Theorist who created the theory of multiple intelligences:
• What does Universal Grammar propose?
• Which term describes the practice of switching between languages within a single conversation?
• What is the babbling stage in first language development?
• What term describes materials that originate from authentic materials but are modified to fit classroom objectives?
• Which stage is often called the Telegraphic Stage?
• Which term describes language aspects governed by rules such as phonics, grammar, and syntax?
• The Access assessment is a monitoring assessment provided by which organization, measuring progress in five areas and identifying six language proficiency levels?
• Which instructional method emphasizes explicit instruction in sounding out words?
• The learner's current understanding of the language they are learning, blending aspects of the native language with the target language, is called:
• Which test’s full name includes Woodcock and Munoz?
• A teaching approach where the instructor works with one student on a concept is called what?
• Which term refers to information kept in conscious thought for immediate use, not kept long-term?
• Which term is a punctuation mark used to end interrogative sentences?
• Content-Based Instruction is best described as integrating L2 acquisition with which content areas?
• Model in ESOL assessment is used to
• Which language teaching method proposes that second languages should be acquired in much the same way as first languages, often called the natural method?
• Which stage of language acquisition is characterized by children first learning words and combining them into two-word utterances?
• Which phase is described as the earliest stage of literacy development and involves building basic letter-sound knowledge?
• Norming bias arises when:
• Which term refers to a bound morpheme added to a root word to change its tense, case, or number?
• Which stage of language development occurs when infants pay attention to speech, inflection, and rhythm before they begin to speak?
• What is the name of the assessment designed to measure oral proficiency and reading and writing abilities of K-12 students and available in English and Spanish?
• The theory that language comprehension and production abilities develop through continual engagement with language is called
• What is the term for the part of a sentence that includes the noun performing the main action and its modifiers?
• Which instrument is designed to measure all four language domains in K-12 and is abbreviated LAS?
• Which term describes bias that arises when a test developed in one language is translated for use in another language?
• Which category of tests includes TOEFL, NYSITELL, and NYSESLAT?
• What term describes the annual meeting for a student with a disability that outlines learning goals and accommodations?
• Which theory emphasizes that behavior is shaped by the interaction of cognitive factors, the environment, and stimuli?
• Which instructional approach provides ELLs with access to grade-level content while supporting ongoing language development?
• A plan for achieving goals in all subject areas by combining content across disciplines is called what?
• Which Swiss psychologist who studied cognition in children identified stages of development and contributed to schema learning?
• Which theory describes a set of five hypotheses about language acquisition, arguing no fundamental difference between first and subsequent languages?
• Which term is used to describe the innate language faculty that underlies all languages, proposed by Chomsky?
• Which term describes the phenomenon when language learners apply the rules of their native language to the language they are learning?
• What term describes student-centered instruction in which the teacher facilitates opportunities for students to construct their own learning?
• Which concept describes learners benefiting from similarities between their first language and English to aid learning?
• In morphology, what term describes the base form to which affixes attach?
• The Developing ELL subpopulation is defined as students who have received ENL instruction for how many years?
• What does LAS stand for in the context of assessments for language learners?
• Leaving out articles 'a' or 'the' or 's' of plural nouns.
• According to Schumann, what relationship exists between acculturation and L2 acquisition?
• Using language in a socially appropriate way and understanding register is called what?
• Which concept provides procedural safeguards to ensure that all students receive the same benefits of public education regardless of disabilities?
• A clause that can stand alone as its own sequence is:
• What term refers to a group of two or more consonants?
• The Language Experience Approach LEA primarily uses what to elicit spoken responses and to develop reading and writing?
• L1 habits interfere and hinder the learner in learning the forms of L2.
• Castaneda v. Pickard established a three-part standard for ELL programs. Which of the following is NOT one of those requirements?
• The term for the learner's evolving system of rules and forms is called?
• Which term describes a morpheme that cannot stand alone?
• Which of the following is an example of Holistic Scoring in writing assessment?
• Which term describes anxiety that can help a learner stay on task and may even be positive rather than debilitating?
• Which practice involves giving students language prompts that use words or initial sounds to support their speech?
• Extending a pattern learned in one context to another.
• Which instructional approach uses subject matter like math or science as the basis for practicing communicative skills?
• Which term is used to describe a student whose native language is not English?
• Which verbal phrase may act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb?
• Which hypothesis states that only unconscious acquisition leads to effective language use, rather than learning it on purpose?
• Which term describes the drive from within that motivates a person to work toward a goal?
• What is the second stage of Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, roughly ages 2 to 7, characterized by symbol use?
• Which term describes adherence to an underlying construct that represents the guiding purpose of a test?
• Which test type would most likely be used to determine why a student is struggling with language, rather than to place them in a class?
• ELL with Special Education is defined as students who, upon enrollment, are two or more years below grade level in Math due to inconsistent/interrupted schooling prior to arrival in the United States.
• Which term is primarily associated with early childhood literacy development and listening as a key component?
• Theorist who developed a hierarchy of needs is:
• Which assessment is individually administered and measures cognitive aspects of language proficiency?
• Which term refers to the smallest unit of meaning that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts?
• Which term describes language that reflects authentic, real-world usage rather than stylized or academic language?
• Which term describes the rise and fall of voice in speech?
• Which theory proposed by Albert Bandura states behavior is determined by a combination of cognitive factors, the environment, and stimuli?
• The stages of Piaget described in the material are associated with which theory?
• Which hypothesis posits language is attained in a foreseeable pattern by all learners?
• What phenomenon occurs when a test offends or penalizes a test taker due to socioeconomic status, gender, or ethnicity?
• The Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 principally requires schools to do what?
• Which hypothesis of the monitor model states that comprehensible input is necessary for language acquisition?
• Who identified the stages of moral development?
• Which unit contains both a subject and a predicate?
• Which term is used to signal that a list or explanation is coming in a sentence?
• Which assessment uses picture descriptions to measure oral-language proficiency?
• Which concept suggests that language influences thought and culture but does not wholly determine them?
• Which field studies language in its social context, including how language varies by community and culture?
• Which approach argues that persistent misbehavior serves a purpose and that all behavior choices are logical?
• Which term describes a grammatically simplified language used for communication between speakers of different languages?
• The Lau v. Nichols decision in 1974 led to which federal act requiring schools to take action to overcome language barriers?
• Which stage is characterized by producing single words and two- to three-word phrases and memorizing chunks from musical games and word plays?
• In the sentence "The ball was thrown by John," the voice is described as which?
• Which act's Title III required LEP students to be placed in a language instruction education program?
• Which instructional approach emphasizes meaningful communication and completing tasks with language rather than focusing on grammar forms?
• Which term defines a grammatical unit used to connect a phrase and a sentence?
• Which assessment type is designed to measure student achievement in a specific content area?
• According to the material, what is a good way to start developing comprehension skills in an L2?
• Which set of skills is needed for success in academic settings, including problem solving and inference?
• What is the smallest unit of language that can convey meaning, such as cook/ed?
• In sentence structure, which voice is used when the subject receives the action?
• What is the smallest unit of meaning?
• Which term refers to a morpheme that creates a new word or changes its part of speech?
• Which term describes breaking down a large, complex educational goal into smaller, concrete components that lead to the ultimate goal?
• Which concept comes through direct instruction and involves learners being aware of and able to explain what they are learning?
• What term describes the learner's evolving system of rules and forms as they learn a second language?
• Which concept explains that a test measures what it is supposed to measure?
• BICS stands for?
• Which term describes a system where agencies cooperate to assist ELLs and their families?
• What term describes strengthening a behavior by rewarding it or providing consequences to increase its likelihood?
• Which statement correctly maps a subpopulation to its ENL service duration according to the material?
• Which organization is described as a government entity responsible for English Language Education in the United States?
• What stage of acculturation describes students who feel at home in their new culture?
• Which model asserts that the degree to which a learner acculturates to the target language group influences the level of L2 acquisition?
• In the babbling stage, which skills develop such as control of pitch and volume and the emergence of consonant-vowel sequences? Which stage is this describing?
• Which statement best describes how ELL proficiency progresses from Entering to Expanding?
• Which approach posits that language learning should be used for authentic purposes?
• What term refers to a group of words whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of the individual words?
• What are AMAOs in the context of Title III funding?
• Which term deals with knowledge of language including syntax and semantics and is distinct from the ability to use language socially?
• Which sentence construction has the subject receiving the action?
• SEP stands for which instructional approach used with ELLs?
• Which term describes a standalone clause that can function as a complete sentence:
• IPT measures which language domains for K-12 students?
• Which test item requires the reader to infer meaning not explicitly stated?
• Which term refers to a noun that receives the action of the verb?
• Which factor is suggested to ease pronunciation differences between L1 and L2?
• Which description best matches the Silent Period in language development?
• Which statement best describes LEA's impact on language skills?
• Which psychologist expanded on operant conditioning and is associated with behaviorist theory?
• Which approach emphasizes cognitive strategies and academic content to support English language learning?
• In what year did the Lau v. Nichols decision take place?
• Which assessment measures language proficiency in vocabulary usage and verbal analogies and is administered individually?
• Which Piaget stage lasts from about 7 to 11 years and shows logical, organized thought and inductive reasoning?
• Which phase emphasizes using multiple strategies to predict and understand words, understanding linguistic patterns, and benefiting from discussions that explore the text further?
• Which theoretical framework emphasizes learning through reinforcement and practice to form habits?
• Which term involves inserting extra sounds, such as adding a syllable during pronunciation?
• What term describes materials based on original materials that have been adapted to fit lesson objectives and student needs?
• Stage of acculturation; when students start to come to terms with their circumstances and move toward acceptance of their new culture:
• Under NCLB, which program provides expansion and regulation of education programs for migrant students?
• Which term refers to the emphasis placed on syllables or words when speaking?
• In Schumann's framework, which factor is most directly linked to better L2 acquisition?
• Which term denotes the noun that a pronoun replaces?
• Which sentence type contains two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction?
• Which term refers to the framework of understanding in a child's brain?
• What is the second stage of second-language acquisition, during which learners often produce single words and short phrases and have a vocabulary around 1,000 words?
• Which of the following is included in ways to activate prior knowledge?
• In the sentence "Running down the street, she tripped," the introductory phrase "Running down the street" is an example of which type of phrase?
• Which term describes a verb that does not require a direct object?
• The Bilingual Syntax Measure (BSM) assesses which aspect of language?
• Which concept refers to the way speakers simplify sounds and run words together in everyday speech?
• Which theoretical framework is associated with Krashen and Terrell?
• External rewards-driven motivation is called what?
• What is the study of the meaning of language in context?
• Which phenomenon describes a plateau in development where further improvement is unlikely?
• Which linguist is associated with the Universal Grammar theory?
• In the one-word stage, these utterances serve three purposes: identifying an action, conveying an emotion, and naming something. The best descriptor is which option?
• Which method is characterized by repetition, pattern drills, and little teacher talk?
• Which instructional approach uses academic subject matter as the basis for practicing communicative language skills?
• Which term refers to a language that originated from a pidgin and became a native language?
• What term describes the ability to speak a language appropriately in social context and with correct grammar and structure?
• Which linguistic process involves inserting a sound within a word?
• Which pragmatic philosopher advocated learning through scientific inquiry and real-world experiences and volunteerism?
• Which noun cannot be counted and thus cannot be changed into a plural form?
• Which word expresses emotion and is used as an exclamation in speech?
• Vocab of 6,000; able to speak in more complex ways and can self-correct many errors, but not fully comfortable with heavy academic usage. This describes which stage?
• Which term describes language abilities that allow learners to practice and apply multiple language areas simultaneously?
• Which theory posits that comprehension relies on activating background knowledge?
• A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses is a
• ELLs typically acquire BICS vocabulary within approximately which time frame after arrival?
• Which assessment is an individually administered measure of cognitive language aspects including vocabulary, verbal analogies, and letter-word identification?
• Which term describes making language simpler by using the same verb form for all subjects?
• Lau v. Nichols is a landmark Supreme Court case about educational opportunities for which group?
• Which term describes when sounds are omitted?
• Which term describes the ability to use language effectively in social and academic contexts as part of language development?
• What are the colored rods used to manipulate relationships called?
• Which progression emphasizes paying attention to visual cues to aid understanding of language?
• Which theory explains how rewards and punishments influence behavior?
• Which term refers to a learner’s conscious awareness and articulation of their learning process?
• Which term is the approach that emphasizes authentic communication among students in the target language?
• The generally accepted ways in which words and phrases are used in different contexts are called what?
• Which term describes when the teacher places students into small groups and gives them a task to complete together?
• Which term describes the process of increasing the frequency of a desired behavior by providing rewards or consequences?
• Which term refers to a morpheme that can stand alone?
• Which term describes a sentence with only one independent clause and no dependent clauses?
• Which term is defined as the ability to recognize and repair communication breakdowns through strategic planning and/or redirecting?
• Which phrase describes language variations common to people in a certain region or social group?
• Which of the following is listed as a component of the SIOP model?
• Which concept states that knowledge from the first language can transfer to other languages?
• Which method is most useful for beginners who may not be required to speak and mainly follow commands?
• Which term describes the process of learners discovering language rules through pattern observation and experimentation?
• Which term describes a speech sound changing due to nearby sounds?
• Which court decision is associated with desegregation rights for Latino students in the western United States?
• Which statement characterizes ELL Proficiency Expanding?
• What assessment approach determines student progress based on specific lessons presented in the unit?
• In language development, the stage where children typically speak in 4-6 word sentences and can learn up to 20 words per day is called which?
• What term refers to information that directly refers back to the content of the reading material where the answer is defined word by word?
• A measure of student performance in comparison to the performance of a similar group of students is described as what kind of assessment?
• Which term describes the internal motivation driving a learner toward goals?
• Which branch of linguistics studies the internal structure of words, including morphemes and affixes?
• In acculturation, what is the first stage where students are delighted by the novelty of the new culture?
• Which term best describes a culture in which time is seen as linear and events occur one at a time?
• Which approach did Krashen & Terrell argue fosters vocabulary development through meaningful interaction and context?
• Which term refers to the set of objectives used to gauge English language progress for English learners?
• Which term refers to abilities related to understanding language received from external sources?
• Which stage corresponds to producing about 1,000 words and short phrases?
• What does CALP stand for in language proficiency discussions?
• Which term focuses on the production of speech sounds and their articulation?
• Which method emphasizes silent instruction and discovery learning with manipulatives?
• Which constructivist theorist contributed the concept of three modes of representation?
• Which term means visually similar words?
• Which term refers to the study of the sounds and patterns of particular languages?
• Using same verb form regardless of person, number, tense.
• Which type of questions has a clear, correct answer?
• In sentence structure, which component is the actor of the sentence?
• What is the space between what a child can do independently and the learning goal called?
• Operant conditioning was developed by which psychologist?
• Which Piaget stage is described as birth through 2 years, learning through physical interaction?
• Which hypothesis asserts that language is acquired in a natural order, independent of instruction?
• Which assessment is designed to measure the oral proficiency and reading and writing abilities of K-12 students and is available in English and Spanish?
• Which term refers to social skills used in everyday life outside school?
• Which term encompasses beliefs, customs, values, and attitudes transferred through arts, education, literature and language?
• Task-based instruction (TBI) emphasizes lessons designed around what?
• Which act requires schools not to deny equal educational opportunities by failing to address language barriers that impede students' participation in educational programs?
• In the sentence 'I live in Texas, which is a big state,' the word 'which' functions as what?
• By age eight, the average child knows approximately how many words?
• The rules of print that do not exist in spoken language, including spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and proper paragraphing, are called
• Learning materials that engage several senses are described as what?
• What does ZPD stand for?
• Which term describes the sound produced when air comes through the nose?
• Which term describes a teaching approach focused on communication through interactions in the target language, using authentic texts and realistic scenarios?
• Which stage would typically involve self-correcting errors and progressively more complex speech, without full academic fluency?
• Which term describes extending the meaning of a word beyond its standard range?
• In the stage with about 1,000 words vocabulary, which description applies?
• Which term describes a scheduled support where students are pulled out of content-area classes for focused vocabulary and grammar lessons?
• Which theory suggests that repeated exposure to stimuli creates learning and the more frequently a behavior is performed, the more quickly it becomes a habit?
• Which constructivist theorist contributed the three modes of representation to cognitive development?
• What term describes a verb that indicates tense by supporting the main verb?
• Providing accurate examples of speech and language for language learners is an example of which practice?
• Which term describes speech that has little meaning on its own but is important in social exchanges?
• Which instructional method uses listening to commands and following them through movement?
• Which term describes language use that varies with social context and level of formality?
• Which approach would you use if you want to integrate language development with content learning in the classroom?
• The first stage of Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory is the sensorimotor stage, typically from birth to age two, where knowledge comes from physical interaction.
• In Krashen's Monitor Model, which statement best describes the role of the monitor?
• Which term refers to an instructional approach emphasizing action-based learning and language through movement?
• Which term describes switching between languages within a conversation?
• Bottom-up processing of listening is best described as:
• Which teaching method uses guided discussion through questions and student responses to build ideas?
• Which term refers to programs where certified ESOL teachers take small groups of students for limited portions of the day to focus on intensive vocabulary and grammar?
• Which stage of second language acquisition is characterized by near-native ability and the use of complex, multi-clause sentences?
• Which term describes the learner's evolving system as they acquire a second language?
• What term represents the belief that language partially influences human thought and action?
• Which area studies the articulation and production of speech sounds?
• Which actions are typical of social strategies in language learning?
• Which sentence type consists of two or more independent clauses and no dependent clauses?
• The point in second language acquisition when growth stops and further development is unlikely is known as which?
• Which 1973 Supreme Court decision addressed desegregation rights for Latino students in Denver, Colorado?
• Sheltered instruction, which embeds language development in content learning, is most closely associated with which approach?
• Which hypothesis proposes that language is acquired in a predictable order that all learners tend to internalize?
• Which assessment uses image descriptions to measure oral-language proficiency across languages?
• What is the process of adapting to a new culture called?
• Which term is a punctuation mark used to introduce lists or explanations within a sentence?
• What term means providing curriculum for students based on their individual needs, including learning styles and level?
• What is the term for the support that allows a child to work above their independent level and is gradually removed as mastery is gained?
• Which term describes a grammatically simplified mode of communicating that is not a language in itself?
• CALP stands for what?
• What is the sound called when one vowel blends into another within a single syllable?
• Which concept emphasizes considering language as a whole before breaking it into parts?
• Content schemata refers to:
• The articles 'a,' 'an,' and 'the' are classified as what part of speech?
• A combination of several methods of language instruction based on the idea that successful language acquisition comes from communicating real meaning is known as which approach?
• Which assessment is used to measure oral-language proficiency in one of 32 languages by asking testers to describe a set of images?
• What term refers to nonspecific things, such as someone who knows the answer?
• Which theory emphasizes responding to the environment and is associated with behaviorism?
• Open-ended questions designed to assess a student's ability to analyze, evaluate, and create are called
• Approximately how many years does it take LEP students to develop academic language?
• Which term is defined as an approach using physical actions to prompt language learning?
• What term describes speech acts consisting of one or more words that convey a single idea and are surrounded on both sides by silence?
• Which assessment measures oral proficiency and must be administered individually?
• Which term looks at sounds and patterns of particular languages?
• Which term describes conditions characterized by loss of movement due to injury or disease?
• Which concept refers to social language skills required for everyday conversation in a second language environment?
• What term describes a sound produced with a burst of air from the mouth?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of jigsaw reading?
• Which term means inserting additional sounds into words?
• Which strategy emphasizes engaging multiple senses to support language learning?
• Which collaborative reading technique requires students to work in groups on separate parts of a text and then combine their parts to understand the whole reading?
• Knowledge of the linguistic components of a language such as morphology, syntax, and semantics is known as what?
• What is the term for applying a regular rule to an irregular word, such as go becoming goed?
• Polychronic cultures manage time in which of the following ways?
• What term describes words that appear similar but have different meanings?
• Which model is research-based and designed to support linguistic development by making academic content comprehensible, with students studying the same curriculum but not necessarily in native-speaking classrooms?
• What federal law prohibits schools from sharing identifiable information about students?
• What term refers to the group of words and rules that compose an individual's working knowledge of a language?
• Which option is not listed as part of the SIOP model components in the material?
• Which stage involves infants controlling the pitches of their voice to make squeals and growls and ends with the ability to produce consonant-vowel sounds?
• Which term indicates how well an assessment measures what it is intended to measure; a test is not valid if it is not reliable?
• In which stage do ELLs typically have about 6,000 words, speak in complex sentences, correct many errors, and ask for clarification, though still have gaps in vocabulary and grammar?
• Noam Chomsky argued that children are not born with enough exposure to their native languages to explain phoneme understanding; this concept is known as
• Mastery learning is associated with which educator?
• What is the term for a morpheme that must be attached to a word to convey meaning?
• Which statement correctly describes a bound morpheme's behavior when attached to a root?
• Demonstrated by variation in pronunciation (accent), word choice (lexicon), or morphology/syntax (grammar). Speakers do not make drastic enough changes to word order to sounds to where native speakers can't understand them.
• Which proficiency level explicitly mentions building BICS and CALP with support?
• What is the term for language instruction that uses content areas to practice language skills?
• Which term corresponds to 'a word's dictionary definition'?
• The phrase "by the lake" is an example of what type of phrase?
• Which progression emphasizes using multiple strategies to predict and understand words, and often uses context to aid understanding?
• Attitudinal bias in testing refers to:
• Which theory describes the uneasiness that occurs when a person holds conflicting thoughts?
• Which validity is demonstrated when test items are shown to measure specific criteria or pre-determined standards?
• Which term describes a pidgin language that becomes nativized and spoken as a first language?
• Which theory includes a model that asserts learning rules alone does not suffice for fluent output and emphasizes authentic acquisition?
• Which subpopulation has CSE determine methods of assessment on an individual basis?
• Which term is used to identify and place English learners and monitor their progress toward instructional goals?
• Which classroom management technique involves the teacher taking clear control over the classroom dynamics?
• Which assessment type is primarily used to compare a student’s performance with peers rather than with a fixed standard?
• Which statement describes ELL Proficiency Transitioning?
• Which term describes language use in everyday life outside the classroom?
• Which term describes the system of forming words by combining morphemes?
• The set of rules for proper sentence structure is called?
• The final stage of Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, suitable for ages 11 and up, is called which?
• Which term most directly asserts that language determines thought, leaving little room for independent thought?
• Which category of schemata focuses on the structure and organization of discourse rather than its content?
• Which is a key advantage of James Asher's Total Physical Response for beginners?
• What term refers to the study of meaning in language?
• Castaneda v. Pickard is known for establishing a three-part framework for evaluating ELL programs. Which concept name best fits this framework?
• What is the emotional association of a word called?
• Which term refers to a national consortium promoting standards and professional development for English Language Learners?
• Which term describes words used to point out or draw attention to something or someone?
• Which stage is described as a steady reading pace and the ability to give oral summaries of what reading?
• Which term describes a sentence that can stand alone as a complete thought and contains only a single independent clause?
• Which term describes when students perform experiments or research information to comprehend new concepts?
• Which court case established that ELL programs must meet three requirements?
• Which model describes providing instruction primarily in the student's first language with supplemental instruction in a second language?
• Which hypothesis states that language determines thought and shapes culture?
• Which term denotes the ability to recognize and repair breakdowns in communication through strategic planning and/or redirecting?
• Which teaching method would best describe guiding a discussion by asking questions and allowing students to respond and build on each other's ideas?
• Which researcher is credited with proposing a theory that intelligence is multi-faceted and linked to different modalities of learning?
• In Krashen's monitor model, the monitor is used to what?
• Which type of assessment evaluates what a student has learned after instruction, using tests or activities?
• Which term refers to practicing a new concept with scaffolded support from the teacher?
• Which approach emphasizes comprehensible input and meaningful communication to develop language?
• Which term describes leaving out articles or plural markers?
• Which term refers to the study of the production of sounds in speech?
• A sentence construction in which the subject of the sentence performs the main action is known as what voice?
• What linguistic concept addresses how words are arranged into phrases and sentences?
• The Formal Operational Stage typically begins at approximately what age?
• What are bound morphemes that do not greatly alter a word's meaning or part of speech?
• According to Castaneda v. Pickard, what is the third component of the three-part standard?
• According to Schumann, what is the relationship between acculturation and attainment of L2 language?
• Repeated exposure to stimuli to create learning is the basis of which theory?
• Which term describes the ability to produce language in speaking and writing?
• Which of the following is a component of Steps toward reading for information?
• Which term best matches the description: 'A listener uses knowledge of a topic to interpret a text'?
• Which term is the abbreviation MEP used for a program expanding migrant education under NCLB?
• Which teaching method involves teaching in students' native languages and focuses on grammar rules and translation?
• The belief that all human thought and action is controlled by language is known as what?
• Which literacy progression describes beginning to identify letters and words and some linguistic patterns?
• Which term denotes a sound produced by vibrating the vocal cords?
• Which teaching framework emphasizes meaning-focused communication and uses multiple methods?
• In acculturation, which stage involves students getting comfortable with the new culture but may feel at odds and homesick?
• Which teaching method uses physical actions to prompt language learning, especially with beginners?
• The state-to-state progress-monitoring assessment for English learners is commonly referred to as which acronym?
• Which concept best describes using language in socially appropriate ways within a specific context?
• Which property of assessment refers to advantages or disadvantages for particular groups?
• Which Maslow level is associated with seeking personal growth and realizing one's potential?
• Which concept states that language determines culture and all thoughts/actions are controlled by language?
• Content objectives describe what students should be able to do at the end of a content-area lesson.
• Which large-scale progress-monitoring assessment is used to evaluate English language learners across states?
• Which view asserts that language relates to culture and only partially influences human thought and action?
• Which syllable ends in a vowel?
• The abbreviation EEOA stands for which piece of legislation?
• Which type of assessment is used to identify a language learner's strengths and weaknesses for placement decisions?
• Who is the theorist commonly credited with BICS, CALP, and CUP?
• Which phase is described as competencies developed in early childhood and preschool, including beginning to identify letters and sounds and basic patterns, and starting to sound out basic words?
• LEA stands for which literacy approach?
• Which approach uses learners' prior knowledge and experiences to enhance learning for each student?
• Which educator contributed to the taxonomy of educational objectives and the theory of mastery learning?
• Which instrument is designed to measure all four language domains in K-12 and is named IPT?
• Which term describes the shortening or diminishing of a vowel sound?
• Which statement accurately reflects the role of communicative language development within SEP?